Ein Gedi Spring issues from limestone of geologic unit Kj and flows to
the Dead Sea, along the western border of the Dead Sea Basin. Annual
springflow ranges from about 0.37 to 0.61 MCM, with most variation
observed during years of very high precipitation. Monthly median
springflow shows little variation, ranging from about
0.037 to 0.042 MCM; the spring has never been observed to
cease flowing. The highest monthly springflow, more than 3 times the
Flow from the Ein Gedi Spring in the Wadi David
monthly median, was observed during March and
April of 1991, following a period of very high precipitation.
Water from the spring is fresh, with chloride concentrations
below 90 mg/L and nitrate concentrations generally below
30 mg/L.
Farod Spring issues from limestone of geologic unit Kj, into
a wadi that drains to Lake Tiberias in the Kinneret Basin.
Monthly springflow is relatively constant, with monthly medians
ranging from about 0.03 to 0.05 MCM; the spring has never been
observed to cease flowing. Annual springflow is more variable,
ranging from about 0.14 to 0.42 MCM, with most change occurring in response to heavy
precipitation. During the winter of 1991-92, heavy precipitation
resulted in annual springflow that was more than twice the previous year. Water
from the spring is fresh, with chloride concentrations below 30 mg/L
and nitrate below 10 mg/L. Concentrations of chloride and
nitrate show no discernible long-term trend.
Fari'a Spring issues from limestone near the contact between
geologic units Ks and Kj, to a wadi that drains to the Jordan
River in the Northeastern Basin. Springflow is relatively constant,
with monthly medians ranging from about 0.35 to 0.46 MCM; the spring has
never been observed to cease flowing. Annual springflow is more
variable, ranging from about 1.7 to 10.5 MCM, with most of the
change occuring in response to high precipitation.
For example, annual springflow during 1992 was three
times higher than during 1991, as a result of heavy precipitation
during the winter of 1991-92. Water
from the spring is fresh, with chloride concentrations below
80 mg/L and nitrate concentrations mostly below 40 mg/L.
Concentrations of chloride and nitrate both show a pro-nounced
increase in 1992 that corresponds to a period of
heavy precipitation and increased springflow.
Hammam Maleh Spring issues from limestone near the contact between
geologic units Kj and Kk, to Wadi Maleh that drains to the Jordan
River in the northern part of the Eastern Mountain Basin. Annual
springflow is variable and influenced by yearly precipitation,
ranging from about 0.26 to 2.5 MCM during 1977-97.
During 1992, springflow was nearly 5 times higher than in
1991, as a result of an extremely high rainfall year. Monthly springflow
showed less variation with median values from about
0.047 to 0.057 MCM; the spring has not been observed to cease
flowing. Water from the spring is saline, with chloride concentrations above 1,200
mg/L and nitrate concentrations below 40 mg/L. Chloride
concentrations appear related to variations in springflow --
higher springflow results in higher concentrations; lower
springflow results in lower concentrations.
Water Data Banks Project,
Multilateral Working Group on Water Resources,
Middle East Peace Process Overview of Middle East Water Resources
Information about this document.
